Board Exam Phobia

We in Nepal have given more importance to the Board Examinations than is actually necessary. The Board exams has become almost the first indicator of education. Obviously, a huge fear and anxiety is associated with the Board exams. Because of our social schooling, we have a propensity to judge a student on the basis of the grades he or she secures in the examination but not on the basis of his or her competency.

In the process of moving up from school to bachelors, one has likely accumulated lots of experience of appearing in examinations. Students are usually frightened, intimidated and even terrorised by the words like ‘terminal examinations’ and ‘final examinations’ in one way or the other. There is tough and sometimes cut-throat competition at present in the education sector. Different colleges and students prepare for the Board Exams differently. The expectations of parents, the student’s own ambition and norms of the society open up different paths of progress, but at the same time, that may create huge tension and contradictions. Psychologically, exam-phobia is such a problem that affects the tender mind of the youth both physically and mentally. Students who have set goals to do well in the Board Exam work hard months-long. But examination time brings about the feelings of fear, tension, anxiety and uncertainty. Students often lose their appetite and suffer from other problems like insomnia, headache, fatigue and fever. Anxiety actually makes the filter that is inside our brain, in between the receiving and production areas, more active in blocking the channels between star shaped cells and pyramid shaped cells. As a result, the students’ memory power may become even weaker.

Many students become the victim of depression when they do not score high marks in the examination in spite of their hard work. Our social structure and schooling is such that one is considered to be an intelligent or a dull student on the basis of the marks one obtains in examinations. This mounts a huge pressure on students. Examinations thus become a factor of intense fear for the students and not a means to evaluate what they've learnt.

To combat Exam phobia, first of all, it is essential to control the fear of examinations. No external factor can help the students in this respect. How can one control this fear? The best way to do it is through preparation. If one is well prepared and confident, then worries and anxiety will take up less room in the mind. A balanced and nutritious diet is also really important. An empty stomach only fuels fear and anxiety. Food rich in iron and protein (amala, chana- gram, raharko daal, dry fruits, including almonds) should be included in the diet as they are considered ‘brain foods’. A glass of cold water after every hour of study can act as a quick refreshing agent. Recently, it has been proved scientifically that water can be regarded as brain food too.

Self confidence is the main key to success in life. That also goes for examinations. Now the question arises: how can one build up self confidence? As far as concerned, the best and the only way to gain self-confidence is to study the curriculum deeply and fully by strictly following a timetable set by the students themselves. A through understanding of the entire curriculum will go much further in giving students the confidence boost they need. Otherwise, they will forever be worrying about whether the questions in the question collection will appear in the actual examination or not.

Once one actually makes it to the exam hall then how do you solve the problems and answer the questions? This is a million dollar question. Prior to writing answers students should properly understand the questions first. Reading all the questions with a cool mind (perhaps take several long breaths from the nose) is very important so you know what it is exactly you are being asked to. Another really important thing is always to start with questions that are easy or which the student feels comfortable answering. Trying to tackle the hard ones first means that there might not be enough time at the end to answer the easy ones or that all the mental energy is already spent trying to answer the long and hard questions first.

Board exams are not that difficult. It is simply an exam and the sooner students can internalise this, the better they are likely to perform in it.

Author: Hem Rai, originally written for SLC exam.

Source: Ekantipur

C++ LAB ASSIGNMENT-5 (inheritance and polymorphism)

1.       Design a class student with data members roll, name and age. Use three arguments constructor to initialize student object, and also use member function to read and display student detail.
Also design a class foreignstudent that inherits student with its own data member country. Use member function to display detail of foreign student.
Write a main program to test above implementation.

#include<iostream>#include<cstring>#include<conio.h>using namespace std;

class Student{ protected:  int roll;  char name[40];  int age; public:  Student(){}  Student(int r,char *n, int a)  {   roll=r;   strcpy(name,n);   age=a;  }  void read_data()  {   cout<<"Roll = ";cin>>roll;   cout<<"Name = ";cin>>name;   cout<<"Age = ";cin>>age;  }  void put_data()  {   cout<<"Roll = "<<roll<<endl;   cout<<"Name = "<<name<<endl;   cout<<"Age = "<<age<<endl;  }};class Foreignstudent:public Student{ private:  char country[40]; public:  Foreignstudent():Student(){}  Foreignstudent(int r,char *n,int a, char *c):Student(r,n,a)  {   strcpy(country,c);  }  void read_data()  {   Student::read_data();   cout<<"Country = ";   cin>>ws;   cin.getline(country,40);  }  void put_data()  {   Student::put_data();   cout<<"Country = "<<country<<endl;  }};int main(){ Foreignstudent fs1(101,"Prashant",22,"Nepal"); Foreignstudent fs2; cout<<"Enter detail of Foreignstudent fs2:\n"; fs2.read_data(); cout<<endl<<endl<<"================================="<<endl; cout<<"Details of students are"<<endl; cout<<"================================="<<endl; fs1.put_data(); cout<<"================================="<<endl; fs2.put_data(); cout<<"================================="<<endl; getch(); return 0;}

2.       Design a program as specified below:
                                 i.            Design a class student with data members roll and name, and two member function to read and display data members.
                               ii.            Derive a class Exam from student with its own data members to stores marks in three subjects and member function to read and display marks.
                              iii.            Design a third class result that inherits class Exam, with its own data member total  and member function display() to display roll, name, marks and total..

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
protected:
int roll;
string name;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Roll=";cin>>roll;
cout<<"Name=";cin>>name;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"Roll= "<<roll<<endl;
cout<<"Name= "<<name<<endl;
}
};
class Exam: public Student
{
protected:
int oop;
int os;
int nm;
public:
void getmark()
{
cout<<"Enter marks in OOP:";cin>>oop;
cout<<"Enter marks in OS:";cin>>os;
cout<<"Enter marks in NM:";cin>>nm;
}
void putmark()
{
cout<<"Marks in OOP="<<oop<<endl;
cout<<"Marks in OS="<<os<<endl;
cout<<"Marks in NM="<<nm<<endl;
}
};
class Result: public Exam
{
private:
int total;
public:
void display()
{
total=oop+os+nm;
putdata();
putmark();
cout<<"Total Marks="<<total<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Result stu1;
cout<<"Enter details of stu1:"<<endl<<endl;
stu1.getdata();
stu1.getmark();
cout<<"\n\nDetails of stu1"<<endl;
cout<<"_______________"<<endl<<endl;
stu1.display();
getch();
return 0;
}

3.       Write a program as specified as below:
                                                         i.            Design a class staff with data member staff_id and level, and member function to read display detail of staff.
                                                       ii.            Also design another class teacher with data members teacher_id, subject and member function to read and display detail of teacher.
                                                      iii.            Again design another class coordinator that inherits teacher and staff with own data member program. Use member function to read and display detail of coordinator.
Design a main program to test above design.

#include<iostream>#include<conio.h>using namespace std;
class staff{ protected: int staff_id; int level; public: void get_staff_data() { cout<<"Staff ID=";cin>>staff_id; cout<<"Level=";cin>>level; } void put_staff_data() { cout<<"staff ID="<<staff_id<<endl; cout<<"Level="<<level<<endl; }};class teacher{ protected: int teacher_id; char subject[40]; public: void get_teacher_data() { cout<<"Teacher ID=";cin>>teacher_id; cout<<"Subject=";cin>>subject; } void put_teacher_data() { cout<<"Teacher ID="<<teacher_id<<endl; cout<<"Subject="<<subject<<endl; }};class coordinator:public staff,public teacher{ private: char program[40]; public: void get_coordinator_data() { get_staff_data(); get_teacher_data(); cout<<"Program=";cin>>program; } void put_coordinator_data() { put_staff_data(); put_teacher_data(); cout<<"Program="<<program<<endl; }};
int main(){ coordinator c; cout<<"Enter details of coordinator"<<endl; c.get_coordinator_data(); cout<<"\nDetails of coordinator\n_____________________\n"<<endl; c.put_coordinator_data(); getch(); return 0;}

4.       Write a program as specified below:
                                 i.            Design a class student with data members roll and name, and two member function to read and display data members.
                               ii.            Derive a class Exam from student with its own data members to stores marks in three subjects and member function to read and display marks.
                              iii.            Derive another class sport from student with its own data member score in sport and function to read and display score.
                             iv.            Design another class result from exam and sport, with its own data member total and average, and member function compute() to compute total and average and display() to display detail.

//multipath inheritance
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class student
{
private:
int roll_no;
char name[20];
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Roll N0.= ";cin>>roll_no;
cout<<"Name= ";cin>>name;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"Roll N0.= "<<roll_no<<endl;
cout<<"Name= "<<name<<endl;
}
};
class exam:virtual public student
{
protected:
double sub1,sub2,sub3;
public:
void getmark()
{
cout<<"Mark in sub1= ";cin>>sub1;
cout<<"Mark in sub2= ";cin>>sub2;
cout<<"Mark in sub3= ";cin>>sub3;
}
void putmark()
{
cout<<"Mark in sub1= "<<sub1<<endl;
cout<<"Mark in sub2= "<<sub2<<endl;
cout<<"Mark in sub3= "<<sub3<<endl;
}
};
class sport:virtual public student
{
protected:
double sport_score;
public:
void getscore()
{
cout<<"Score in Sport= ";cin>>sport_score;
}
void putscore()
{
cout<<"Score in Sport= "<<sport_score<<endl;
}
};
class result:public exam,public sport
{
private:
double total,avg;
public:
void compute()
{
total=sub1+sub2+sub3+sport_score;
avg=total/4;
}
void display()
{
        putdata();
putmark();
        putscore();
        cout<<"Total= "<<total<<endl;
cout<<"Average= "<<avg<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
result r;
cout<<"Enter details of a student"<<endl<<endl;
r.getdata();
r.getmark();
r.getscore();
r.compute();
cout<<"\nDetail of result r is :\n";
cout<<"________________________\n";
r.display();
getch();
return 0;
}

5.       Design a class employee with data members id and name, and member functions getdata() and putdata() to read and display data members. Design another class company with data members company_id, company_name and employee and member function getdata() and putdata() to read and display detail of company. Write a main program in C++ to test above design.

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
private:
int employee_id;
char employee_name[40];
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Employee ID= ";cin>>employee_id;
cout<<"Employee Name= ";cin>>employee_name;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"ID= "<<employee_id<<endl;
cout<<"Name= "<<employee_name<<endl;
}
};
class Company
{
private:
int company_id;
char company_name[40];
Employee E;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Company ID= ";cin>>company_id;
cout<<"Company Name= ";cin>>company_name;
E.getdata();
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"Company ID= "<<company_id<<endl;
cout<<"Company Name= "<<company_name<<endl;
E.putdata();
} };
int main()
{
Company C;
cout<<"Enter Details of company C"<<endl<<endl;
C.getdata();
cout<<"\nDetails of company C\n____________________\n"<<endl;
C.putdata();
getch();
return 0;
}

6.      Imagine a publishing company that markets both book and audio cassette version of it works.  Create a class publication that stores the title and a price of a publication. From this class derive twp classes : book, which adds page count, and a tape, which adds a time in minutes. Each of these three classes should have a getdata() function to get its data from user at the keyboard, and putdata()  function to display its data.
In the base class these member functions have to be defined as virtual functions. Write a main program models the class hierarchy for the company and processes objects of these classes using pointers the base class.

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class publication
{
protected:
char title[40];
float price;
public:
virtual void getdata()
{
cout<<"Title=";cin>>title;
cout<<"Price=";cin>>price;
}
virtual void putdata()
{
cout<<"Title="<<title<<endl;
cout<<"Price="<<price<<endl;
}
};
class book:public publication
{
private:
int page_count;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Page Count=";cin>>page_count;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"Page Count="<<page_count<<endl;
}
};
class tape:public publication
{
private:
int time;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Time in minutes=";cin>>time;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"Time in minutes="<<time<<endl;
}
};

int main()
{
book objB;
tape objT;
publication *ptr,objP;
cout<<"Enter Details of publication company"<<endl<<endl;
ptr=&objP;
ptr->getdata();
cout<<"\nEnter Details of the book"<<endl<<endl;
ptr=&objB;
ptr->getdata();
cout<<"\nEnter Details of the tape"<<endl<<endl;
ptr=&objT;
ptr->getdata();
cout<<"\nDetails of publication company\n==============================\n"<<endl;
ptr=&objP;
ptr->putdata();
cout<<"\nDetails of the book\n===================\n"<<endl;
ptr=&objB;
ptr->putdata();
cout<<"\nDetails of the tape\n===================\n"<<endl;
ptr=&objT;
ptr->putdata();
getch();
return 0;
}

C++ LAB ASSIGNMENT-3 SOLUTIONS

1. Create a class named time with data members hours, minutes and second. Use member function settime() to set time, gettime() to read time from user, addtime() to add two time and showtome() to display time in HH:MM:SS format. Implement above specification in C++.

#include<iostream>

#include<conio.h>

#include<iomanip>

using namespace std;

class time 

{

private:

int hours;

int minutes;

int seconds;

public:

void gettime();

        void settime(int hrs,int mins,int secs)

{

hours=hrs;

minutes=mins;

seconds=secs;

}

void addtime(time t1,time t2);

void showtime();

};

void time::gettime()

{

cout<<"Hours=";cin>>hours;

cout<<"Minutes=";cin>>minutes;

cout<<"Seconds=";cin>>seconds;

}

void time::showtime()

{

if(hours<=9)

cout<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<hours<<":";

else

cout<<hours<<":";

if(minutes<10)

cout<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<minutes<<":";

else

cout<<minutes<<":";

if(seconds<10)

cout<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<seconds<<endl;

else

cout<<seconds<<endl;

}

void time::addtime(time t1,time t2)

{

seconds=t1.seconds+t2.seconds;

minutes=seconds/60;

seconds%=60;

minutes+=t1.minutes+t2.minutes;

hours=minutes/60;

minutes=minutes%60;

hours+=t1.hours+t2.hours;

}

int main()

{

time t1,t2,t3;

t1.settime(10,50,53);

cout<<"Enter details of t2:"<<endl;

t2.gettime();

t3.addtime(t1,t2);

cout<<"Time t3 is\n";

t3.showtime();

getch();

return 0;

}

2. Define a class to represent a bank account. Include the following members:

Data members

a. Name of the depositor

b. Account number

c. Type of account

d. Balance amount in the account.

Member functions:

a. To assign initial values

b. To deposit an amount

c. To withdraw an amount after checking balance

d. To display name and balance.

Write a main program to test the program.

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;

class bank_account
{
private:
char depositor_name[20];
int acc_no;
char acc_type[20];
double amount;

public:
void setdata(char *dname,int a_no,char *atype,int amt)
{
strcpy(depositor_name,dname);
acc_no = a_no;
strcpy(acc_type,atype);
amount = amt;
}
void display();
void deposit(bank_account &,double);
void withdraw(bank_account &,double);
};


void bank_account::display()
{
cout<<"Name of depositor: "<<depositor_name<<endl;
cout<<"Account No.= "<<acc_no<<endl;
cout<<"Account type= "<<acc_type<<endl;
cout<<"Balance Amount= "<<amount<<endl<<endl;
}

void bank_account::deposit(bank_account &a,double b)
{
// amount=amount-b;
a.amount=a.amount+b;
}
void bank_account::withdraw(bank_account &a,double c)
{
if(c>a.amount)
{
cout<<"Insufficient balance!!!"<<endl;
}
else
{
//amount=amount+c;
a.amount=a.amount-c;
}
}

//main program

int main()
{
bank_account ac1,ac2;
cout<<"Details of Bank account\n_______________________"<<endl<<endl;
ac1.setdata("AMIR SHARMA",5432,"SAVING",10000);
ac1.display();
double b;
cout<<"Enter amount to deposit in the account: ";
cin>>b;
ac2.deposit(ac1,b);
cout<<"\n===================\nAfter money deposit\n==================="<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Details of Bank account\n_______________________"<<endl<<endl;
ac1.display();
double c;
cout<<"Enter amount to withdraw from the account: ";
cin>>c;
ac2.withdraw(ac1,c);
cout<<"\n===================\nAfter money withdraw\n==================="<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Details of Bank account\n_______________________"<<endl<<endl;
ac1.display();
getch();
return 0;
}

3. Define a class distance with

Data members

a. Feet in int

b. Inches in float

Member functions

a. To read data member

b. To display distance in format feet'-inches"

c. To add two distance object and returning distance object.

Write a main program to test the program.

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

class dist
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Feet= ";cin>>feet;
cout<<"Inches= ";cin>>inches;
}
void display()
{
cout<<feet<<"\'-"<<inches<<"\""<<endl;
}
dist add(dist);
};
dist dist::add(dist d2)
{
dist temp;
temp.feet=0;
temp.inches=inches+d2.inches;
while(temp.inches>=12)
{
temp.inches-=12;
temp.feet++;
}
temp.feet+=feet+d2.feet;
return(temp);
}

int main()
{
dist d1,d2;
cout<<"Enter details of d1:"<<endl;
d1.getdata();
cout<<"Enter details od d2:"<<endl;
d2.getdata();
dist d3;
d3=d1.add(d2);
cout<<"\nResult after adding d1 and d2 is: "<<endl;
d3.display();
getch();
return 0;
}



4. Define a class distance with
Data members
c. Feet in int
d. Inches in float
Member functions
d. To read data member
Friend functions
a. To display distance in format feet'-inches"
b. To add two distance object and returning distance object.
Write a main program to test the program.


#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

class dist
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Feet= ";cin>>feet;
cout<<"Inches= ";cin>>inches;
}
  friend void display(dist);
  friend dist add(dist d1,dist d2);
};
void display(dist d)
{
cout<<d.feet<<"\'-"<<d.inches<<"\""<<endl;
}
dist add(dist d1,dist d2)
{
dist temp;
temp.feet=0;
temp.inches=d1.inches+d2.inches;
while(temp.inches>=12)
{
temp.inches-=12;
temp.feet++;
}
temp.feet+=d1.feet+d2.feet;
return(temp);
}

int main()
{
dist d1,d2;
cout<<"Enter details of d1:"<<endl;
d1.getdata();
cout<<"Enter details od d2:"<<endl;
d2.getdata();
dist d3;
d3=add(d1,d2);
cout<<"\nResult after adding d1 and d2 is: ";
display(d3);
getch();
return 0;

}


5. Define a class Amount with
Data members
a. Rupees
b. Paisa
Member functions
e. To read data member
f. To display amount in appropriate format.
Friend functions
a. To add two Amounts.


#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;

class amount 
{
int rupees;
int paisa;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<"Rupee= ";cin>>rupees;
cout<<"Paisa= ";cin>>paisa;
}

void showdata(amount a)
{
cout<<"Rs."<<a.rupees<<" and "<<a.paisa<<" paisa"<<endl;
}
friend amount add(amount a1,amount a2);
};
amount add(amount a1,amount a2)
{
amount temp;
temp.paisa=a1.paisa+a2.paisa;
temp.rupees=0;
while(temp.paisa>=100)
{
temp.paisa-=100;
temp.rupees++;
}
temp.rupees+=a1.rupees+a2.rupees;
return(temp);
}

int main()
{
amount a1,a2,a3;
cout<<"Enter details of amount a1:"<<endl;
a1.getdata();
cout<<"Enter details of amount a2:"<<endl;
a2.getdata();
a3=add(a1,a2);
cout<<"sum of a1 and a2 is:"<<endl;
a3.showdata(a3);
getch();
return 0;


}




6. Define a class Matrix with
Data members
a. Two dimensional array for a 3×3 matrix
Member functions
a. To read matrix
b. To display matrix in matrix format.
c. To transpose a matrix and returning a matrix object.
Write a main program to test the program.


#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<iomanip>

using namespace std;

class matrix
{
private:
int a[3][3];
public:
void read()
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
cin>>a[i][j];
}
}
}
void display()
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
cout<<setw(3)<<a[i][j];
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
matrix transpose(matrix);
};
matrix matrix::transpose(matrix )
{
matrix TM;
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
TM.a[i][j]=a[j][i];
}
}
return(TM);
}
int main()
{
matrix m1;
cout<<"Enter elements of 3*3 matrix:"<<endl;
m1.read();
cout<<"\nMatrix you entered:"<<endl<<endl;
m1.display();
matrix m2;
m2=m1.transpose(m1);
cout<<"\nTranspose of the above matrix:"<<endl<<endl;
m2.display();
getch();
return 0;     

}



7. Define a class Matrix with
Data members
a. Two dimensional array for a 3×3 matrix
Member functions
a. To read matrix
b. To display matrix in matrix format.
c. To multiply two matrices and returning a resultant matrix object.
Write a main program to test the program.



#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<iomanip>

using namespace std;

class matrix
{
private:
int a[3][3];
public:
void read()
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
cin>>a[i][j];
}
}
}
void display()
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
cout<<setw(3)<<a[i][j];
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
matrix multiply(matrix);
};
matrix matrix::multiply(matrix m2)
{
matrix result;
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
result.a[i][j]=0;
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
result.a[i][j]+=a[i][k]*m2.a[k][j];
}
}
}
return(result);
}
int main()
{  
matrix m1,m2;
cout<<"Enter elements of  1st 3*3 matrix:"<<endl;
m1.read();
cout<<"Enter elements of  2nd 3*3 matrix:"<<endl;
m2.read();
cout<<"\n1st Matrix you entered:"<<endl<<endl;
m1.display();
cout<<"\n2nd Matrix you entered:"<<endl<<endl;
m2.display();
matrix m3;
m3=m1.multiply(m2);
cout<<"\nMultiplication of m1 and m2 is:"<<endl<<endl;
m3.display();
getch();
return 0;     
}




8. Create two classes DM and DB which stores the value of distances. DM stores values in meter and centimeters and DB in feet and inches. Write a program that can read values for the classes objects and add one object of DM with another object of DB. Use friend function to carry out operation and the object that stores the result be a DB object.


#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
  
using namespace std;

class DB;

class DM
{
private:
float meters;
float centimeters;
public:
void read()
{
cout<<"meters=";cin>>meters;
cout<<"centimeters=";cin>>centimeters;
}
void convert()
{
float DMfeet=3.281*meters;
float DMinches=0.3937*centimeters;
}
friend int add(DB,DM);
};

class DB
{
private:
float DBfeet;
float DBinches;
public:
void read()
{
cout<<"DBfeet=";cin>>DBfeet;
cout<<"DBinches=";cin>>DBinches;
}
friend int add(DB a,DM b);
};

int add(DB a,DM b)
{
  float feet=a.DBfeet+b.DMfeet;
  float inches=a.DBinches+b.DMinches;
  return (feet);
 
}

int main()
{
DB a;
DM b;
a.read();
b.read();
b.convert();
cout<<"DMfeet="<<b.DMfeet;
cout<<"DMinches="<<b.DMinches;
cout<<"Sum="<<add(a,b);
getch();
return 0;

}